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Bioinformatics of the Brain

crucial when assessing psychotic symptoms and seeking assistance [162]. The

role of psychosocial treatment in the treatment of SCZ patients is increasing.

Psychosocial treatments are beneficial for social recovery, whereas antipsy-

chotics reduce the symptoms of the illness, hospitalizations, and the chance

of recurrence, as well as the abilities the patient loses [162, 163].

1.8.2

Bipolar Disorder (BD)

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a chronic disease that requires serious and continuous

treatment, and lasts a lifetime. Since it is far more common than anticipated

and has a high fatality rate due to high morbidity and suicide risk, it is a

significant public health concern. It negatively affects the lives of both patients

and those around them, and, causes significant disability [164]. The prevalence

of bipolar disorder in men is 9–15/100,000 and in women it is 7.4–30/100,000

[165, 166]. 69% of these patients cannot be diagnosed at the time of their

first visit to a psychiatrist [167]. The high number of comorbid conditions is

one of the most important factors that makes diagnosis difficult. On average,

it takes approximately 10 years from the onset of symptoms to a diagnosis.

Similar to SCZ, whose etiology is still unknown, BD is also attributed to the

same biological components that are to blame for SCZ [168]. The person with

BD often experiences mood swings that range from highs to lows to highs,

often with periods of normal mood in between [169, 170]. SCZ and BD affect

more than 2% of the world’s population. These two diseases greatly affect

the quality of life of people, and both disorders are characterized by similar

symptoms such as thought, mood, perception, and behavior disorders [163].

One of the steps in the treatment of the disease, which is at least as

important as the acute period treatment, is preventive treatment. Preventing

relapses, eliminating subthreshold symptoms, and maintaining patients’ pre-

morbid levels of functionality are the main goals of preventive treatment. For

this purpose, lithium and some antiepileptics (valproic acid, carbamazepine,

lamotrigine) are used as mood stabilizers. Recently, atypical antipsychotics

have begun to be preferred by clinicians in preventive treatment [171].

1.8.3

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder

that begins before the age of seven and presents with inattention, hyperac-

tivity and impulsivity. In the past, ADHD was considered a specific disorder,

limited to childhood, resolving in adolescence, and having a developmental

delay in behavioral controls [172]. ADHD diagnosis is now widely accepted

for both children and adults. Whether in childhood or adulthood, ADHD af-

fects not only patients but also their environment, families, and parents. In

the presence of ADHD, smoking, and substance abuse, legal problems, poor

peer relations, loss of self-confidence, low school and work success, and psychi-

atric comorbidity are observed in adolescents and young adults who are under